We have attempted to define the prevalence and risk factors of extended-spectrum\nbeta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae) carriage, and to characterize\nantimicrobial susceptibility, beta-lactamase genes, and major types of isolated strains in volunteers,\nwith a specific focus on humans in contact with animals. Samples were collected from 207 volunteers\n(veterinarians, pig farmers, dog owners, etc.) and cultured on selective agar. Clonal relationships\nof the isolated ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae were determined by whole genome sequencing and\nmulti-locus sequence typing. Beta-lactamases were detected using a homology search. Subjects filled\nin questionnaires analyzed by univariate and multiple logistic regression. Colonization with\nESBL-Enterobacteriaceae was found in fecal samples of 14 individuals (6.8%; 95%CI: 3.75â??11.09%).\nIn multiple regression analysis, working as a pig farmer was a significant risk factor for\nESBL-Enterobacteriaceae carriage (OR 4.8; 95%CI 1.2â??19.1). The only species isolated was Escherichia coli\nthat distributed into 11 sequence types. All ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae isolates were of CTX-M genotype,\nwith the blaCTX-M-1 being the most prevalent and more common in pig farmers than in other groups.\nDespite the generally low prevalence of ESBL-Enterobacteriaceae in Estonia, the pig farmers may still\npose a threat to transfer resistant microorganisms. The clinical relevance of predominant blaCTX-M-1\ncarrying E. coli is still unclear and needs further studies.
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